Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 305
Filter
3.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 91(5): 828-837, oct. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1144283

ABSTRACT

La metodología estadística Bayesiana permite, si se conoce la probabilidad poblacional de que un suceso ocurra, modificar su valor cuando se dispone de nueva información individual. Aunque las metodologías Bayesiana y frecuentista (clásica) tienen idénticos campos de aplicación, la primera se aplica cada vez más en investigación científica y análisis de big data. En la farmacoterapia moderna, la farmacocinética clínica ha sido responsable de la expansión de la monitorización, facilitada por desarrollos técnico-analíticos y matemático-estadísticos. La farmacocinética poblacional ha permitido identificar y cuantificar las características fisiopatológicas y de tratamiento en una población de pacientes determinada, en particular en pediatría y neonatología, y otros grupos vulnerables, explicando la variabilidad farmacocinética interindividual. Asimismo, la estimación Bayesiana resulta importante como herramienta estadística aplicada en programas informáticos de optimización farmacoterapéutica cuando la monitorización farmacológica se basa en la interpretación farmacocinética clínica. Aunque con ventajas y limitaciones, la optimización farmacoterapéutica basada en la estimación Bayesiana es cada vez más usada en la actualidad, siendo el método de referencia. Esto es particularmente conveniente para la práctica clínica de rutina debido al limitado número de muestras requeridas por parte del paciente, y a la flexibilidad en cuanto a los tiempos de muestreo de sangre para cuantificación de fármacos. Así, la aplicación de los principios Bayesianos a la práctica de la farmacocinética clínica resulta en la mejora de la atención farmacoterapéutica.


If one knows the probability of an event occurring in a population, Bayesian statistics allows mo difying its value when there is new individual information available. Although the Bayesian and frequentist (classical) methodologies have identical fields of application, the first one is increasin gly applied in scientific research and big data analysis. In modern pharmacotherapy, clinical phar macokinetics has been used for the expansion of monitoring, facilitated by technical-analytical and mathematical-statistical developments. Population pharmacokinetics has allowed the identification and quantification of pathophysiological and treatment characteristics in a specific patient popu lation, especially in the pediatric and neonatal population and other vulnerable groups, explaining interindividual variability. Likewise, Bayesian estimation is important as a statistical tool applied in pharmacotherapy optimization software when pharmacological monitoring is based on clinical phar macokinetic interpretation. With its advantages and despite its limitations, pharmacotherapeutic op timization based on Bayesian estimation is increasingly used, becoming the reference method today. This characteristic is particularly convenient for routine clinical practice due to the limited number of samples required from the patient and the flexibility it shows regarding blood sampling times for drug quantification. Therefore, the application of Bayesian principles to the practice of clinical phar macokinetics has led to the improvement of pharmacotherapeutic care.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Pharmacology, Clinical/methods , Research Design , Pharmacokinetics , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Models, Statistical , Bayes Theorem , Pharmacology, Clinical/statistics & numerical data , Drug Monitoring/methods , Drug Monitoring/statistics & numerical data
4.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 9(2): 207, ago. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1102940

ABSTRACT

La pancreatitis es una de las consecuencias principales del envenenamiento escorpiónico producido por el género Tityus. El manejo farmacológico mediante el uso de agonistas y antagonistas α adrenérgicos en modelos experimentales in vivo e in vitro, permiten establecer una aproximación del papel del Sistema Nervioso Simpático (SNS) en el desarrollo de la pancreatitis. Objetivo: determinar el papel del SNS en el desarrollo de la pancreatitis aguda inducida por el veneno de escorpión Tityus zulianus (TzV), por medio del uso de simpaticolíticos como la clonidina y el prazosin. Métodos: La Extravasación de Proteínas Plasmáticas (EPP) en el páncreas se evaluó mediante el método de Azul de Evans (AE), modificado de Saria y Lundberg (1983) a 620 nm; n=3 ratones NIH en cada grupo experimental. Las comparaciones se hicieron por ANOVA de una vía y las pruebas post HOC por Tukey-Kramer. Resultados: Ambos fármacos (1mg/Kg), disminuyeron significativamente p< 0,01 (**) la EPP en el páncreas inducida por el TzV, en comparación con los animales inoculados solo con TzV. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los animales del grupo control y los grupos tratados con los fármacos más el TzV. Conclusiones: El efecto pancreatotóxico del TzV en ratones podría tener un componente autonómico dado que drogas simpaticolíticas al disminuir la actividad noradrenérgica reducen la magnitud del edema. Esto sugiere que ambos fármacos pueden usarse como estrategia terapéutica en estos casos(AU)


Pancreatitis is one of the main consequences of scorpionic poisoning produced by the genus Tityus. The pharmacological management through the use of agonists and α adrenergic antagonists in experimental models in vivo and in vitro, allow us to establish an approximation of the role of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) in the development of pancreatitis. Objective: to determine the role of SNS in the development of acute pancreatitis induced by the scorpion venom Tityus zulianus (TzV), through the use of sympatholytics such as clonidine and prazosin. Methods: Plasma Protein Extravasation (PPE) in the pancreas was evaluated by the method of Evans Blue (EA), modified by Saria and Lundberg (1983) at 620 nm; n = 3 NIH mice in each experimental group. Comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA and post-HOC tests by Tukey-Kramer. Results: Both drugs (1mg / Kg) significantly decreased p <0.01 (**) the EPP in the pancreas induced by TzV, compared to animals inoculated only with TzV. There were no significant differences between the animals in the control group and the groups treated with drugs plus TzV. Conclusions: The pancreatotoxic effect of TzV in mice could have an autonomic component since sympatholytic drugs by decreasing noradrenergic activity reduce the magnitude of edema. This suggests that both drugs can be used as a therapeutic strategy in these cases(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Pancreatitis/etiology , Scorpion Venoms , Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects , Pharmacology, Clinical , Prazosin/therapeutic use , Clonidine/therapeutic use
5.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 9(2): 211, ago. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1103439

ABSTRACT

En años recientes los venezolanos hemos enfrentado problemas de diversa índole con relación a la situación de salud. Entre ellos, problemas en la prescripción y la obtención de medicamentos. En esta publicación se tratarán aspectos importantes para la correcta prescripción y obtención de medicamentos, lo cual, a su vez, debería ser el colofón de la atención médica de primera que siempre ha caracterizado a nuestro país y que hoy, lamentablemente, ha devenido en una situación muy dolorosa. La prescripción y obtención de medicamentos puede verse dificultada por diversos inconvenientes, entre los cuales podemos considerar aquellos que tienen relación con el medicamento propiamente dicho, con el prescriptor y el cliente, con las regulaciones vigentes en nuestro país y con la disponibilidad en los centros autorizados para su venta. Como consecuencia de una prescripción inadecuada y un consumo inapropiado de medicamentos pueden surgir problemas muy serios, entre los cuales habría que destacar, en el campo de los antiinfecciosos, la resistencia bacteriana. Y en el campo de fármacos destinados al tratamiento del dolor, la ansiedad y el insomnio, la posibilidad de adicciones diversas. La prescripción adecuada de medicamentos conlleva la necesidad de conocer, a la par de los efectos beneficiosos y terapéuticos de los mismos, la posibilidad de efectos adversos e interacciones. Todos los prescriptores sanitarios deben conocer los fundamentos de la Farmacovigilancia, la cual permitirá conocer el verdadero balance riesgo-beneficio de los fármacos, por lo cual hacemos una breve mención de la misma al final de esta presentación(AU)


In recent years, Venezuelans have faced various kinds of problems related to the health situation. Among them, problems in prescription and acquisition of medicines. This publication will discuss important aspects for the correct prescription and obtention of medicines, which, in turn, should be the culmination of the excellent medical care that has always characterized our country but that today, unfortunately, has become a very disgraced and sad situation. Prescription and acquisition of medicines can be hindered by various inconveniences, among which we can consider those that are related to the product itself, to the prescriber and the client, to the regulations in force in our country and to the availability in authorized centers for sale. As a result of an inadequate prescription and consumption of medications, very serious problems can arise, among which, in the field of anti-infectives, bacterial resistance should be highlighted. In the field of drugs for the treatment of pain, anxiety and insomnia, the possibility of diverse addictions. Proper prescription of medicaments entails the need to know, along with their beneficial and therapeutic effects, the possibility of adverse effects and interactions. All health prescribers must know the basics of Pharmacovigilance, which allow to know the true risk-benefit balance of drugs, so we make a brief mention of it at the end of this presentation.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Prescriptions/standards , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Right to Health , Pharmacology, Clinical , Sanitary Specifications , Pharmacovigilance
6.
Buenos Aires; ANMAT; mar. 20, 2020.
Non-conventional in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1116469

ABSTRACT

En el marco de la actual situación de emergencia sanitaria, la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), establece las siguientes medidas y recomendaciones con el objeto de preservar las actividades de los estudios de farmacología clínica (EFC) protegiendo la seguridad y bienestar de los participantes del estudio. Los patrocinadores de los EFC deberán confeccionar un plan de mitigación de riesgo para extremar las medidas tendientes a evitar el contagio y diseminación de COVID-19 así como la saturación del sistema sanitario del país. Este plan deberá quedar debidamente documentado en el archivo de cada estudio y será notificado a los investigadores, centros de investigación, comités de Ética y a la ANMAT. Su aplicación no requiere aprobación previa como modificación sustancial por esta Administración. Algunos estudios podrán requerir modificaciones particulares que no se encuentren reflejadas en el plan de mitigación. Estas deberán ser consensuadas con el equipo de investigación y plasmarse en un documento. Este plan deberá ser presentado por cada patrocinador por única vez ante la ANMAT en un trámite caratulado como "comunicación a DERM" por la plataforma de trámites a distancia (TAD) y esta Administración Nacional tomará conocimiento del mismo. No será necesario esperar a una respuesta de esta Administración para su implementación.


Subject(s)
Pharmacology, Clinical/methods , Pharmacology, Clinical/standards , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Clinical Protocols/standards , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Argentina/epidemiology
7.
Edumecentro ; 11(1): 146-159, ene.-mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-984353

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Fundamento: la Farmacocinética es un tema que en Farmacología genera dificultades en los estudiantes debido a su complejidad, por lo que su impartición debe ser tratada en el colectivo de asignatura a través del trabajo metodológico. Objetivo: elaborar orientaciones metodológicas para el perfeccionamiento de la impartición del tema Farmacocinética en Farmacología I. Metodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara de enero a junio de 2016. Fueron empleados como métodos teóricos: analítico-sintético, inducción-deducción y sistémico estructural-funcional; empíricos: análisis documental, la encuesta a estudiantes, entrevista a informantes clave y la tormenta de ideas como técnica participativa; y matemático-estadísticos. La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas: diagnóstico, elaboración de las orientaciones metodológicas y la valoración por especialistas. Resultados: se constató que el insuficiente aprovechamiento del espacio de la consulta docente y la motivación de los alumnos por el estudio del tema fueron los factores que más influyeron en los deficientes resultados obtenidos, por lo que se fortaleció el trabajo metodológico del colectivo a través de la elaboración de orientaciones metodológicas que incluyeron una guía didáctica para favorecer el trabajo independiente. Conclusiones: las orientaciones metodológicas garantizaron un mejor desarrollo en la impartición del tema lo cual redundó en mejor apropiación de los conocimientos. Fueron avaladas por criterios de especialistas, quienes consideraron el producto como pertinente, útil, factible y con valor científico-pedagógico.


ABSTRACT Background: Pharmacokinetics is a subject that in Pharmacology generates difficulties in students due to its complexity, so that its teaching must be treated in the subject teaching staff meeting through methodological work. Objective: to develop methodological guidelines for the improvement of the teaching of the Pharmacokinetics subject in Pharmacology I. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive research was carried out at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences from January to June 2016. Theoretical methods were used: analytical-synthetic, induction-deduction and structural-functional systemic; empirical ones: documentary analysis, the student survey, interviews with key informants and brain-storming as a participative technique; and mathematical-statistics. The research was developed in three stages: diagnosis, preparation of methodological guidelines and assessment by specialists. Results: it was found that the insufficient use of the space of the teaching consultation class and the motivation of the students for the study of the subject were the factors that most influenced the poor results obtained, so the methodological work of the subject teaching staff meeting was strengthened through the elaboration of methodological guidelines that included a didactic guide to favor the independent work. Conclusions: the methodological guidelines ensured a better development in the teaching of the topic, which resulted in better appropriation of knowledge. They were endorsed by specialists, who considered the product as pertinent, useful, feasible and with scientific-pedagogical value.


Subject(s)
Pharmacology , Pharmacology, Clinical , Students, Medical , Education, Medical
8.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 117(1): 34-40, feb. 2019. graf, tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-983774

ABSTRACT

Introducción. Se plantea la necesidad de conocer cuánto y qué se investiga en farmacología pediátrica en Argentina y determinar las diferencias con la población adulta. Objetivos. Comparar ensayos clínico-farmacológicos pediátricos y de adultos en relación con número, fases, diseños (utilización de placebo como comparador, proporción de ensayos ciegos/abiertos), enfermedades investigadas. En pediatría: determinar si las patologías investigadas coinciden con las principales causas de mortalidad infantil en Argentina. Métodos. Estudio analítico, observacional, transversal, realizado en la Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), que incluyó ensayos autorizados entre 2011 y 2014. Resultados. Sobre 614 estudios, 552 (90 %) fueron de adultos y 62 (10 %), pediátricos. La fase III fue la más frecuente en adultos (77 %) y pediatría (69 %). En relación con los diseños: se usó más placebo en adultos (49 %) que en pediatría (31 %) y hubo mayor cegamiento en adultos (74 %) que en pediatría (58 %). Patologías más investigadas: en adultos, fueron tumorales; en pediatría, respiratorias y enfermedades del sistema osteomuscular y tejido conjuntivo. En pediatría, no hubo correlación entre las patologías y las causas de mortalidad infantil. Conclusiones. 1) Hubo más estudios en adultos que en niños; 2) La fase más frecuente fue la III; 3) Hubo diferencias en el diseño de los estudios entre ambas poblaciones; 4) Las patologías investigadas fueron diferentes en cada población; 5) En pediatría, no hubo correlación entre las enfermedades y las principales causas de mortalidad infantil en Argentina.


Introduction. It is necessary to know the extent and subject matter of pediatric clinical drug research in Argentina and establish the differences with the adult population. Objectives. To compare adult and pediatric clinical drug trials in terms of number, phase, design (placebo as control, proportion of blind/open-label trials), studied diseases. Specifically in pediatrics, to determine if studied diseases are consistent with the leading causes of infant and child mortality in Argentina. Methods. Analytical, observational, crosssectional study conducted at the National Drug, Food and Technology Administration of Argentina (Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica, ANMAT) in trials approved between 2011 and 2014. Results. Out of 614 trials, 552 (90 %) were done in adults and 62 (10 %), in children. Phase III studies predominated in both adults (77 %) and children (69 %). In relation to study design, placebo control (49 %) and blinding (74 %) were more common in adults compared to children (31 % and 58 %, respectively). The most frequently studied diseases were tumors in adults and respiratory, musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases in children. No correlation was observed between studied diseases and infant and child mortality. Conclusions. 1) More studies were done in adults than in children; 2) most studies corresponded to phase III; 3) differences in study design were observed between children and adults; 4) studied diseases were different in each population; 5) in pediatrics, no correlation was observed between the studied diseases and the leading causes of infant and child mortality in Argentina.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacology, Clinical , Clinical Trial , Pediatrics , Argentina , Cross-Sectional Studies
9.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 1-1, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-742430

ABSTRACT

No abstract available.


Subject(s)
Pharmacology, Clinical
10.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 6-11, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-742428

ABSTRACT

Digital therapeutics (DTx) is a new subsection of digital health that is primarily driven by software and will be of great interest to clinical pharmacologists. In this article, an overview of DTx, including definition, position in the landscape of therapeutics, product categories, benefits, and challenges, is provided. Discussions from the point of view of clinical pharmacology are presented, as DTx should have exposure-response relationships. The principles of clinical pharmacology can be applied to DTx as they are comparable to pharmacotherapy. Clinical pharmacology has great potential in the development, application, and regulation of DTx.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care , Drug Therapy , Pharmacology, Clinical
11.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 89-91, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-761940

ABSTRACT

MATLAB® is widely used for numerical analysis, modeling, and simulation. One of MATLAB's tools, SimBiology®, is often used for pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic model and dynamic systems; however, SimBiology seems to be rarely used for non-compartmental analysis (NCA), and the published official documentation provides a poor description of the analysis algorithm for NCA. Therefore, we conducted NCAs with a hypothetical dataset and some scenarios and compared the results. According to the results of this study, SimBiology estimates parameters using the unweighted linear regression for the terminal slope and linear interpolation method. Moreover, although the documentation describing the actual analysis algorithm used to process non-numeric data is not easily accessible to users, users may introduce numeric data at time zero to perform NCA properly. Using the command window, users can perform analyses more quickly and effectively. If the NCA official documentation were improved, SimBiology might be more widely adopted to perform NCA in clinical pharmacology.


Subject(s)
Dataset , Linear Models , Methods , Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacology, Clinical , Statistics as Topic
12.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 123-126, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-786683

ABSTRACT

This tutorial defines the concepts of disease progression in the context of clinical pharmacology. Disease progression describes the natural history of disease, such as pain, or biomarker of drug response, such as blood pressure. The action of a drug, such as inhibiting an enzyme or activating a receptor, leads to a change in disease status over time. Two main types of drug response can be defined based on the pattern of the time course of disease status. The most common is a symptomatic effect equivalent to a shift up or down of the natural history curve. Less common but quite clinically important is a disease-modifying effect equivalent to a change in the rate of disease progression.


Subject(s)
Blood Pressure , Disease Progression , Natural History , Pharmacology, Clinical
13.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 127-133, 2019.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-786682

ABSTRACT

While hormonal changes during the ovulatory cycles affect multiple body systems, medical management, including medication dosing remains largely uniform between the sexes. Little is known about sex-specific pharmacology in women. Although hormonal fluctuations of the normal menstruating process alters women's physiology and brain biochemistry, medication dosing does not consider such cyclical changes. Using schizophrenia as an example, this paper illustrates how a woman's clinical symptoms can change throughout the ovulatory cycle, leading to fluctuations in medication responses. Effects of sex steroids on the brain, clinical pharmacology are discussed. Effective medication dose may be different at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Further research is needed to better understand optimal treatment strategies in reproductive women; we present a potential clinical trial design for examining optimal medication dosing strategies for conditions that have menstruation related clinical fluctuations.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Biochemistry , Brain , Clothing , Menstrual Cycle , Menstruation , Pharmacology , Pharmacology, Clinical , Physiology , Psychopharmacology , Schizophrenia , Steroids
14.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 150-154, 2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-742422

ABSTRACT

This tutorial reviews the principles of dose individualisation with an emphasis on target concentration intervention (TCI). Once a target effect is chosen then pharmacodynamics can predict the target concentration and pharmacokinetics can predict the target dose to achieve the required response. Dose individualisation can be considered at three levels: population, group and individual. Population dosing, also known as fixed dosing or “one size fits all” is often used but is poor clinical pharmacology; group dosing uses patient features such as weight, organ function and co-medication to adjust the dose for a typical patient; individual dosing uses observations of patient response to inform about pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics in the individual and use these individual differences to individualise dose.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Monitoring , Individuality , Organ Size , Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacology, Clinical
15.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 101-102, 2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-742417

ABSTRACT

No abstract available.


Subject(s)
Pharmacology, Clinical
16.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 128-133, 2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-742412

ABSTRACT

Appropriate prescription writing is one of the critical medical processes affecting the quality of public health care. However, this is a complex task for newly qualified intern doctors because of its complex characteristics requiring sufficient knowledge of medications and principles of clinical pharmacology, skills of diagnosis and communication, and critical judgment. This study aims to gather data on the current status of undergraduate prescribing education in South Korea. Two surveys were administered in this study: survey A to 26 medical schools in South Korea to gather information on the status of undergraduate education in clinical pharmacology; and survey B to 244 intern doctors in large hospitals to gather their opinions regarding prescribing education and ability. In survey A, half of the responding institutions provided prescribing education via various formats of classes over two curriculums including lecture, applied practice, group discussions, computer-utilized training, and workshops. In survey B, we found that intern doctors have the least confidence when prescribing drugs for special patient populations, especially pregnant women. These intern doctors believed that a case-based practical training or group discussion class would be an effective approach to supplement their prescribing education concurrently or after the clerkship in medical schools or right before starting intern training with a core drug list. The results of the present study may help instructors in charge of prescribing education when communicating and cooperating with each other to improve undergraduate prescribing education and the quality of national medical care.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Curriculum , Diagnosis , Education , Education, Medical , Group Practice , Judgment , Korea , Pharmacology, Clinical , Pregnant Women , Prescriptions , Public Health , Schools, Medical , Writing
17.
Rev. habanera cienc. méd ; 16(5): 839-849, set.-oct. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-901775

ABSTRACT

Introducción.La medicina del siglo XXI será un punto de fusión de numerosas nuevas tecnologías. Surgirán transformaciones en los paradigmas de la atención médica. Objetivo: Ofrecer una visión de lo que podría ser la atención médica futura. Material y Métodos: Se revisa en la literatura médica las ultimas y nuevas herramientas tecnológicas al servicio de la Medicina, sus posibles transformaciones y aplicación futura a través de la exploración en las principales bases de datos indexadas en los últimos 7 años, que originarán un cambio en el pensamiento científico y una visión predictiva en la atención médica a nivel mundial que realizaran reflexiones sobre enfoques médicos que origina la medicina traslacional. Se analiza el papel de la nanotecnología en la farmacología futurista, así como la genética y robótica, y se establecen comparaciones entre la cantidad de investigaciones por países y el estado actual en la América Latina y cómo influirán los nuevos adelantos científicos en la bioética lo que pudiera dar origen al transhumanismo. Resultados: El influjo de las nuevas tecnologías está ligado con el desarrollo económico y social, por lo que su aplicación no será equitativa, existiendo una diferencia importante en la formulación de patentes, investigaciones indexadas y citaciones entre países desarrollados y subdesarrollados, donde ningún país latinoamericano se encuentra entre los primeros 10 lugares del ranking mundial. Conclusiones: La tecnología actual le da solución a algunos problemas, pero no ha sido capaz de dominar muchas enfermedades. La utilización de la nanotecnología, la genética y la robótica provocarán cambios en los paradigmas de enfrentamiento a las enfermedades. Pudieran ocasionar deshumanización y problemas bioéticos(AU)


Introduction: Medicine in the 21st century will be a fusion point of numerous new technologies. Changes in the paradigms of medical attention will emerge. Objective:To present a view of what future medical attention could be. Material and methods:A review of the last and new technological tools at the service of Medicine is made, and their possible transformations and future implementation are studied through the search of the main databases of the data indexed during the last seven years, which will make a change in the scientific thought and a predictive view of the medical attention worldwide, and make reflections on the medical approaches that arise from translational medicine. The role of nanotechnology in the futuristic pharmacology is analyzed, as well as genetics and robotics; and comparisons are made regarding the amount of research by countries and the current condition in Latin America, and the way the new scientific innovations will influence in the Bioethics, which could give rise to transhumanism. Results:The influence of the new technologies is linked to the economic and social development. Therefore, its implementation will not be equitable, existing an important difference in establishment of patents, indexed research, and quotations between developed and underdeveloped countries, where no Latin American country is among the 10 first places in the world ranking. Conclusions:Current technology gives solution to some problems, but it has not been able to be acquainted with many diseases. The use of nanotechnology, genetics, and robotics will provoke changes in the confrontation paradigms of diseases, which could cause dehumanization and bioethical issues(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacology, Clinical/trends , Access to Essential Medicines and Health Technologies , Holistic Health/education , Biomedical Technology/methods , Nanotechnology/trends
18.
Rev. nefrol. diál. traspl ; 37(3): 172-182, sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1006540

ABSTRACT

El Virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC), agente etiológico de la hepatitis ocasionada por el VHC, fué descubierto hace 25 años. En la mayoría de los casos evoluciona hacia la cronicidad como hepatitis crónica a virus C (55-85%) y cursa con manifestaciones clínicas de sus complicaciones hepáticas: cirrosis, hepatocarcinoma y extrahépaticas. Este virus es endémico en las unidades de Hemodiálisis (HD), con frecuentes brotes que afectan a múltiples pacientes y a pesar que ha disminuido su prevalencia aún hoy triplica la de la población general y continúa siendo un problema en especial para aquellos pacientes con serología anti-VHC positiva que reciben un trasplante renal. En la década pasada el pilar del tratamiento para VHC era Interferón Pegilado y Ribavirina, muy complejo por: la toxicidad de algunas drogas (ej. Ribavirina), la alta prevalencia de eventos adversos y la baja tasa de respuesta virológica y clínica. La reciente aparición de drogas de acción directa (DAA) que pueden curar más del 95% de los casos de infección por el VHC, ha modificado sustancialmente el pronóstico de estos pacientes con reducción del riesgo de muerte por cáncer de hígado y cirrosis, pero el acceso al diagnóstico y el tratamiento es limitado por los elevados costos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo introducir al especialista en nefrología a cargo de los pacientes en HD en el nuevo escenario que promueve la aparición de diversas DAA para el tratamiento del VHC y plantear las controversias que deben dilucidarse sobre conductas en los pacientes tratados


Hepatitis C virus (HCV), causative agent of hepatitis C, was discovered 25 years ago. Most patients develop chronic HCV infection (55-85 %), which manifests with hepatic complications (cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) and extrahepatic ones. This virus is endemic in hemodialysis (HD) units, many patients being affected by its frequent outbreaks; although its prevalence has diminished, it is still three times higher than the one in the general population, and it continues to be a problem, especially for kidney transplantation patients with positive anti-HCV tests. In the last decade, the most important HCV infection treatment drugs were peginterferon and ribavirin; however, treatment was very complex due to some drugs toxicity (e.g. ribavirin), frequent adverse events and low virological and clinical response. The appearance of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) that cure more than 95 % of HCV infection cases has changed these patients' prognoses considerably and reduced the risk of death by liver cancer and cirrhosis. Access to diagnosis and treatment, on the other hand, is limited due to high costs. The aim of this study is to show nephrologists treating patients on HD the scenario brought about by the introduction of DAAs for HCV infection treatment and to discuss the dilemmas over the patients' treatment which needs to be solved.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacology, Clinical , Renal Dialysis , Hepatitis C , Kidney Failure, Chronic
19.
Educ. med. super ; 31(1): 78-88, ene.-mar. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-891154

ABSTRACT

Introducción: el cambio de la sociedad desde una economía basada en la industria a una sustentada en el conocimiento, genera un cambio de paradigma en educación. Esto lleva a las universidades a modificar sus modelos educativos y formar profesionales capaces de responder a las necesidades del entorno. Esta propuesta exige cambiar las estrategias tradicionales de enseñanza-aprendizaje a metodologías activas e innovadoras. Team based learning es un alternativa innovadora que mezcla aspectos de docencia tradicional con los beneficios del trabajo en grupos pequeños dentro de cursos numerosos. Objetivo: dar a conocer la experiencia del uso de Team based learning como metodología activa de aprendizaje en la asignatura de farmacología para estudiantes de enfermería. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño de estudio experimental en una población de 96 estudiantes de enfermería, los cuales fueron divididos en tres grupos de 32 estudiantes cada uno. Se consideró dos grupos control y un grupo experimental. El análisis del efecto del uso de Team based learning se evaluó de forma cuantitativa y cualitativa. Resultados: los estudiantes que realizaron Team based learning obtuvieron mejores calificaciones al ser comparados con los estudiantes que utilizaron metodología tradicional. Los estudiantes, del grupo experimental, manifestaron su alto grado de satisfacción por el uso de Team based learning, ya que estimuló su aprendizaje y además, favoreció el trabajo en equipo. Conclusiones: Team based learning es una metodología de enseñanza aprendizaje que promueve el autoaprendizaje y el trabajo en equipo, ello se traduce en mejores resultados académicos, es una herramienta bien aceptada por los alumnos y considerada una forma divertida y dinámica de aprender(AU)


Introduction: The change of society from an industry-based to a knowledge-based economy generates a paradigm shift in education. This leads universities to modify their educational models and train professionals able to respond to the needs of the environment. This proposal requires changing traditional teaching-learning strategies to active and innovative methodologies. Team based learning is an innovative alternative that mixes aspects of traditional teaching with the benefits of working in small groups within numerous courses. Objective: To present the experience of the use of Team based learning as an active learning methodology in the subject of pharmacology for nursing students. Methods: An experimental study design was used in a population of 96 nursing students, who were divided into three groups of 32 students each. Two control groups and one experimental group were considered. The analysis of the effect of using Team based learning was quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Results: The students who performed Team based learning obtained better marks when compared to students who used the traditional methodology. The students of the experimental group expressed their high satisfaction with the use of Team based learning, since it stimulated their learning and also favored teamwork. Conclusions: Team based learning is a teaching-learning methodology that promotes self-learning and teamwork, which is translated into better academic outcomes, is a tool well accepted by students and considered a fun and dynamic way to learn(AU)


Subject(s)
Education, Nursing/methods , Group Structure , Pharmacology, Clinical/education , Self-Directed Learning as Topic , Students, Nursing
20.
Translational and Clinical Pharmacology ; : 5-9, 2017.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-196854

ABSTRACT

Drunk driving is a serious social problem. We estimated the blood alcohol concentration of a defendant on the request of local prosecutor's office in Korea. Based on the defendant's history, and a previously constructed pharmacokinetic model for alcohol, we estimated the possible alcohol concentration over time during his driving using a Bayesian method implemented in NONMEM®. To ensure generalizability and to take the parameter uncertainty of the alcohol pharmacokinetic models into account, a non-parametric bootstrap with 1,000 replicates was applied to the Bayesian estimations. The current analysis enabled the prediction of the defendant's possible blood alcohol concentrations over time with a 95% prediction interval. The results showed a high probability that the alcohol concentration was ≥ 0.05% during driving. The current estimation of the alcohol concentration during driving by the Bayesian method could be used as scientific evidence during court trials.


Subject(s)
Bayes Theorem , Blood Alcohol Content , Driving Under the Influence , Forensic Sciences , Korea , Pharmacology, Clinical , Social Problems , Uncertainty
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL